In most of the cases, compressive residual stress existed on the outer surface and tensile residual stress existed on the inner surface (tool contacting side) of the component. 7 ) investigated the effect of process parameters (tool diameter, incremental depth, feed rate and spindle speed) on residual stresses through the thickness in components of SS 304 formed using SPIF. Repeated bending and unbending of sheet material around the tools results in residual stress in formed component affecting its accuracy and properties. Incremental sheet forming variants used in present study (a) SPIF (b) DSIF. Roles of the tools can be changed between forming and supporting to form complex geometries. 6 ) In DSIF, in addition to the forming tool, one more tool (moving in synchronization with forming tool) is used to provide local support from the other side of the sheet. This problem can be addressed by another variant of ISF known as DSIF ( Fig. In SPIF, lack of support between component opening and sheet fixture results in unwanted bending at the component opening. SPIF is the simplest variant of ISF, which uses only one tool to form the component ( Fig. 1 – 5 ) However, it is desirable to form components with good accuracy and favorable mechanical properties. Formability in ISF is high compared to conventional stamping. In incremental forming, sheet metal is peripherally clamped and simple tools are used to deform the sheet progressively by moving in predefined paths. Incremental Sheet Forming (ISF) is a die less sheet forming process, which is used to form complex parts using series of small incremental deformations. Residual stresses in ISF are compared with FEA predictions of conventional stamping process. It is also observed that with an increase in tool diameter, spring back increased, hence, meridional residual stress on the outer surface became more compressive and circumferential residual stress on the inner surface became more tensile. In DSIF, supporting tool restricts the unbending of sheet causing the residual stresses to be less compressive on the outer surface and less tensile on the inner surface compared to SPIF. It is observed that the residual stresses are compressive on the outer surface and tensile on the inner surface of sheet in both circumferential and meridional directions. Stress development along circumferential and meridional directions are explained using bending and unbending of sheet material taking place around forming tool. Residual stress development mechanism during SPIF and DSIF is studied using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). In the present work, residual stresses are measured in pyramidal components formed using SPIF, DSIF using X-ray diffraction technique. J Eng 2014(8):453–468.Double Sided Incremental Forming (DSIF) is gaining importance over Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) due to its ability to form complex geometries and the capability to obtain better accuracies. Hosseinzadeh F, Kowal J, Bouchard PJ (2014) Towards good practice guidelines for the contour method of residual stress measurement. Peng Y, Zhao J, shu Chen L, Dong J (2021) Residual stress measurement combining blind-hole drilling and digital image correlation approach. Walker D (2001) Residual stress measurement techniques. Īlinaghian M, Alinaghian I, Honarpisheh M (2019) Residual stress measurement of single point incremental formed Al/Cu bimetal using incremental hole-drilling method. Gao J, Shang H (2009) Deformation-pattern-based digital image correlation method and its application to residual stress measurement. Dev Mater Charact Technol ASM Int 513:103–110 Prevéy PS (1996) Current applications of XRD diffraction residual stress measurement. Goel S et al (2020) Residual stress determination by neutron diffraction in powder bed fusion-built Alloy 718: influence of process parameters and post-treatment. Withers PJ, Bhadeshia HKDH (2016) Editorial Board. Withers PJJ, Bhadeshia HKDHKDH (2001) Residual stress. Roy MJ, Stoyanov N, Moat RJ, Withers PJ (2020) p圜M: An open-source computational framework for residual stress analysis employing the Contour Method. Sinclair-Adamson R, Luzin V, Duguid A, Kannoorpatti K, Murray R (2020) Residual stress distributions in cold-sprayed copper 3D-printed parts. Rossini NS, Dassisti M, Benyounis KY, Olabi AG (2012) Methods of measuring residual stresses in components. Acevedo R, Sedlak P, Kolman R, Fredel M (2020) Residual stress analysis of additive manufacturing of metallic parts using ultrasonic waves: state of the art review.
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